Red hair skin of stone turtle gear teeth sharp tongue side of the main mineralization and mineralization mechanism of Study

Title: Red hair skin of stone turtle gear teeth sharp tongue side of the main mineralization and mineralization mechanism of StudyAuthor: Liu ChuanlinDegree-granting units: Ocean University of ChinaKeywords: stone turtle;; primary side of the tooth;; tooth tip;; mineralization;; magnetite;; ferritinSummary:Stone turtle Odontoglossum magnetite deposition was found to have been a bio-mineralization of teeth, especially the tongue is the best study materials of iron ore, its teeth tongue in a large number of iron compounds mineralization including the form of magnetic nanoparticles iron ore. Magnetic nanoparticles in many areas have a wide range of applications. The skin Neodymium Magnets of red hair is a stone turtle intertidal coastal learning to see the stone turtle species, this tongue with its teeth for the study, using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, biological transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, superconducting quantum interference magnetometer meter, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and microhardness techniques from various angles on the primary side of the gear teeth sharp tongue of the mineralization process and mechanism research. First, the morphology of teeth on the tip side of the main production, mineralization and magnetite particles of the micro-study of the structure; Second, magnetic mineralization on the section of the teeth in different segments of the initial magnetization curve of the tongue, the magnetic hysteresis loops and magnetite were determined on materials science at different stages of tooth mineralization measured microhardness tip; then from histochemical and immunohistochemical study on tissue ferritin iron http://www.everbeenmagnet.com/en/products/110-sintered-neodymium-magnets reductase and positioning Finally, from a biochemical point of view of the iron protein extraction and purification.The results show that in about 1.5cm, width 2 ~ 3mm, about 60 rows of teeth out of shape and color of teeth tongue with teeth obviously different from the other side of the film's two main north-south one tooth. The main side of the teeth form a very different film from the structure composed of two parts - the tooth tip and tooth base, dentate three sharp sharp teeth, long-handled tooth-shaped base, the two parts together by the connection area. Department of segments of different teeth on the tip side of the main significant differences in color, reflecting the Odontoglossum mineralization process. Odontoglossum can be roughly divided into four different levels of the Department of mineralized sections, mineralization degree of severity of the side of teeth tip of the main components and structure will be changed. The earlier generation of the primary side of teeth tip darker, was bright black, heavy mineralization; the later of the color the more light, reddish brown, the degree of mineralization of light; new generation of almost white, no mineralization. Generated by the gear teeth chip sac end of the growing point of the tongue to complete cell populations, cells regularly distributed in the vertical distribution of the wall around and Yan Bi, with a strong capacity to divide and secretion, tooth chip formation process roles, Some charge Odontoglossum basement membrane synthesis, some for the formation of tooth pieces, while others are responsible for the functional enzyme secretion. New sprockets inside the tooth tip of the organic fiber filaments constitute a large number of mesh-like structure, the structure is no mineralization; early mineralization of the organic structure of the tooth tip began to appear within the granular mineralization of organic fiber filaments gradually into the beam, the deposition of mineralization the fiber bundle structures; with the mineralization continues to deepen, to continue to accumulate along mineralization in the tooth tip, the tooth tip is also maturing. Mineralization of the tooth tip is divided into two channels, namely, internal and external channels. External gear teeth sharp tongue cyst epithelial cells to form extracellular micro-processes connected with the outer surface of the tooth tip to form micro-level processes, cell secretion through the protruding layer continuous mineralization of organic matter and elements will be transported to the tooth tip, the external means; teeth After the sharp teeth sharp tooth inside near the base with teeth like a comb-like connection of the physical structure of teeth within the base cavity channel epithelial cells can be transported through the comb-like structure and mineralization of organic matter to the internal tooth tip, the title of way. Odontoglossum capsule epithelial cells of a large number of iron-containing protein particles coated capsule aggregates, aggregates the performance of different forms, there are completely filled, some filled, full of dense aggregates of particles, and there are loose of the points, more oval-shaped aggregates with diameters generally in the ~ 600nm. Epithelial cells and tissues have high iron (ferric) reductase existence of the tooth tip of this enzyme may play a key role in mineralization.Mature tooth tip length (top to bottom axis) ~ 250μm, width (left axis) ~ 150μm, thickness (front and rear axles) ~ 100μm, tooth base length ~ 400μm, width of ~ 2μm between the connection area. Inside and outside of the tooth tip structure is divided into three layers, the surface (outer layer) by the black magnetite (Fe_3O_4) parcels, some of which is the same with magnetite oxidation to maghemite magnetic (γ-Fe_2O_3), before and after tooth surface of the magnetite layer thickness, the thickest at the tooth surface after ~ 20μm, before the tooth surface is thinner, the thickness at ~ 5μm; magnetite layer constituted by a strip of magnetite, magnetite up to a few strip microns wide and ~ 100nm, along the long axis of the tooth tip arrangement, the crystalline magnetite composition, crystal sizes, the average crystal size of ~ 52nm, the crystal in single crystal and polycrystalline forms twinned crystals between the phenomenon of stacking faults, crystal (111) and (022) interplanar spacing, respectively ~ 0.48nm and 0.29nm. Close to the magnetite layer on the inside of the brick-red lepidocrocite layer (α-Fe_2O_3), thickness of ~ 1μm; low degree of mineralization within the core of the organic matrix layer thickness ~ 80μm, a small amount of calcium mineral mineralization; tooth base mineralization few ingredients, mainly composed of α-chitin. Tooth at the base near the two endpoints have an oval opening, inward connection teeth cavity-based channel, the channel diameter of ~ 50μm, the tooth-based front-end, direct access to the tooth tip and tooth base junction below.Mineralization resulting in tooth mineralized sections of the tongue (Ⅰ - Ⅳ Section) different magnetite content, Ⅰ segment is zero, Ⅱ - Ⅳ sections in dry weight, respectively, 6.83%, 16.39%, 14.71%, respectively, the saturation magnetization of 6.5 emu / g, 15.1 emu / g, 14.0 emu / g, corresponding sections of the tooth tip of the saturation magnetization was 68.6 emu / g, 79.2 emu / g, 76.0 emu / g. The teeth of the tongue, the magnetite content of about 13% of dry weight, mineral weight of 57%, each tooth with the tongue of about 10 (11-12) a magnetite particles, the iron teeth of the tongue 89.04% (13% / 14.60%) to magnetite (or magnetic substances) form. Corresponding paragraphs (Ⅱ - Ⅳ) tooth tip surface hardness were 124.38 kg / mm ~ 2,473.04 kg / mm ~ 2,646.80 kg / mm ~ 2, the third, four mature hardness of the tooth tip calculation, the average microhardness of 559.92 kg / mm ~ 2. Odontoglossum capsule tissue extract ferritin iron atoms per molecule of about ~ 1000, Fe / P value of ~, molecular weight ~ 340KD, pI 5.0 to 6.0, molecular size ~ 10nm, protein molecule composed of two subunits, were 25.4KD and 34.8KD. The results show that the red stone of wool turtle skin side of the main gear teeth sharp tongue mineralization is continuous in time and space, and mineralization in two ways, a tooth cavity-based channel, Odontoglossum capsule epithelial cells and tissues in high-speed rail reductase and ferritin, both extremely important for the mineralization of the tooth tip, the tongue of the magnetite content of the larger teeth, magnetite crystals to form inside the seam, resulting in mineralization with magnetic and hardness of the tooth tip.Degree Year: 2009